![]() Level 3-Scale: Quantum supercomputers that can solve impactful problems which even the most powerful classical supercomputers cannot. That’s why the performance of quantum systems in the Resilient Level will be measured by their reliability, as measured by logical qubit error rates. Therefore, there is significant gain to be made from more stable physical qubits as they enable more reliable logical qubits, which in turn can run increasingly more sophisticated applications. In order to make a logical qubit more stable (or, in other words, to reduce the logical error rate), we must either increase the number of physical qubits per logical qubit, make the physical qubits more stable, or both. ![]() The longer the logical qubit is stable, the more complex an application it can run. The key is that they must remain error-free for the duration of the computation powering the application. ![]() However, even logical qubits will eventually suffer from errors. Once this stability threshold is achieved, it is possible to make reliable logical qubits. However, this only works if the physical qubits’ error rates are below a threshold value otherwise, attempts at error correction will be futile. To do this adequately and preserve quantum information, hundreds to thousands of physical qubits will be combined into a logical qubit which builds in redundancy. The errors that inevitably occur will spoil the computation. This is critical because noisy physical qubits cannot run scaled applications directly. Reaching the Resilient Level requires a transition from noisy physical qubits to reliable logical qubits. Level 2-Resilient: Quantum systems that operate on reliable logical qubits. At the Foundational Level, the industry measures progress by counting qubits and quantum volume. These quantum computers are great for experimentation as an on-ramp to scaled quantum computing. Microsoft has brought these quantum machines -the world’s best, with the highest quantum volumes in the industry -to the cloud with Azure Quantum including IonQ, Pasqal, Quantinuum, QCI, and Rigetti. Level 1-Foundational: Quantum systems that run on noisy physical qubits which includes all of today’s Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. The pioneers of early computing machines had to advance the underlying technology to improve their performance before they could scale up to large architectures. That’s what motivated the change from vacuum tubes to transistors and then to integrated circuits. Fundamental changes to the underlying technology will also precipitate the development of a quantum supercomputer.Īs the industry progresses, quantum hardware will fall into one of three categories of Quantum Computing Implementation Levels: The path to quantum supercomputing is not unlike the path to today’s classical supercomputers.
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